Question 1

Can you describe the sort of mental health difficulties experienced by refugees?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

There is nothing like ‘the typical refugee’, since refugees are a very heterogenous group. But all refugees share the experience of being forced to leave their home country. In most refugees we find high and often maximum levels of stress and trauma associated with war, persecution, flight as well as rejections and a status loss in exile. While some refugees are remarkably resilient, we find high and sometimes endemic rates of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and depression among refugees.

Question 2

Is Narrative Exposure Therapy suitable for children?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

There is a version of NET that has been adapted for children, called KidNET. It is essentially the same procedure in a child-friendly form. It is also described in the manual.

Question 3

What has been the experience of using Narrative Exposure Therapy during the pandemic? Are there indications that it translates well using telehealth?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

We were forced to try NET via telehealth, and surprised to see how well it works, as soon as you meet standard requirements of telehealth treatments. Some case-examples, feasibility studies and recommendations on how to use NET online have been published.

Question 4

Is it recommendable to do NET while clients are exposed to a lot of media information about war in Ukraine which is triggering them?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

We have carried out NET in various unsafe settings in war-affected countries where patients were confronted with far more aversive reminders and threats than media presentations. NET has been tried with refugees without a permit to stay. Many of the Afghan refugees in our current treatment study have lost contact with their families since the Taliban have taken over the country. Ongoing stress is, unfortunately, the rule rather than the exception in the life of a war-affected person or refugee. It is evident that ongoing stress operates against treatment, since patients should learn to distinguish between a safe present and threatening past. But life forces us to compromises. If the person has some minimum stability in her or his life and basic needs are met, it may be better to do NET than to wait for a safety that will not come in near future.

Question 5

While during NET it can be expected that clients' symptoms will get more severe, are there any warning signs that indicate exposure should be stopped (other than severe self-harm or acute suicidality)?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

Once you have started any exposure you should do everything to continue. Treatment might be temporarily interrupted by the need to protect the patient from harm or to deal with catastrophes in the patient’s life, but you should try to continue exposure once the patient is safe again. There are ways to help the patient to cope between sessions. For some patients, some form of communication between sessions might be relieving.

Question 6

What is the difference between Narrative Exposure Therapy and Written Exposure Therapy?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

Written Exposure is a fascinating treatment that operates with minimum therapist involvement – the therapist askes the patient to write down his or her events in a protected environment. In NET, the therapist is very active and directive in helping the patient to share his or her emotions and to reconstruct the fragmented narrations of the traumatic events. It is the therapist (or the co-therapist) who writes the life story in NET (some of our patients cannot read or write anyways). NET is also not restricted to the processing of one event, but focuses on the construction of the full autobiography, from birth to the current situation. In NET, the therapist offers to share the trauma in a (time-limited) relationship, which might counteract shame and other social emotions.

Question 7

What led you to being the co-developer of Narrative Exposure Therapy?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

I have ever been attracted by the intersection of human rights work and psychotherapy. It was when a large number of refugees – mostly Kurdish torture survivors and victims of the war in the Balkans – fled to Germany in the late 1990s that I met Thomas Elbert and Maggie Schauer. With our different backgrounds in neuroscience and clinical psychology, we tried to develop a short term treatment that would meet the needs of the survivors and be effective for a large number of patients in need.

Question 8

What are the procedures and components of Narrative Exposure Therapy, and what makes it particularly good for complex and multiple trauma?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

Like other trauma-focused approaches, NET aims to change the memory representations of the traumatic events through talking about the events and the related affects and meanings. What is unique about NET – in comparison to Prolonged Exposure and Cognitive Processing Therapy – is the lifespan approach. Instead of identifying a single index event, NET targets the full life history of the patient. Survivors of multiple trauma have experienced not one event, but a series of events throughout their life, and the processing of a traumatic event requires understanding the way a person has experienced and dealt with previous events.

Question 9

Where can therapists get training in NET?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

Unlike some other trauma therapies, NET is not a commercialised procedure that requires specialised licensing. There are many qualified trainers worldwide, some of whom are connected with the founders through the NGO vivo.org

Question 10

What do you think are the most potent ingredients for recovery with NET?

Frank Neuner · Accepted Answer

The key to a successful NET is the re-construction of the life story, the contextualization of the traumatic events in time and space in a person’s autobiography. If the therapist is compassionate, respectful, truly interested and unafraid of emotions, NET allows a corrective relationship experience, counteracting previous social rejection.

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